The term “bond vigilantes” refers to investors who discipline excessive government spending by demanding higher sovereign debt yields. Since the 1980s, when strategist Ed Yardeni coined the term, episodes of fiscal excess regularly give rise to questions about when these vigilantes might turn up.
Predicting sudden market responses to long-term trends is difficult. There is no organized group of vigilantes poised to act at a specific debt threshold; shifts in investor behavior typically occur at the margin and over time. Therefore, if you’re seeking clues about the potential for bond vigilantism, you might start by asking the largest fixed income investors – who theoretically hold the most market sway – what they’re doing.
At PIMCO, we are already making incremental adjustments in response to rising U.S. deficits. Specifically, we’re less inclined to lend to the U.S. government at the long end of the yield curve, favoring opportunities elsewhere. Here’s our latest thinking.
Concerns and opportunities
Fiscal stimulus helped to fuel a post-pandemic U.S. economic recovery while propelling stock markets to record heights. Although equities may rise further, valuations appear more stretched, with the U.S. equity risk premium – a gauge of investor compensation for owning stocks over a risk-free rate – near record low levels (see Figure 1).
Figure 1: The U.S. equity risk premium has tumbled
That stimulus also fueled a surge in U.S. indebtedness. Debt and deficit levels are high even in today’s strong economy and will likely keep growing. The Federal Reserve in November cited U.S. debt sustainability as the biggest concern among survey participants in its semiannual financial stability report.
Given the potential investment implications of this rising U.S. debt trajectory, here are three approaches we favor:
1. Targeting short- and intermediate-dated bonds. We expect the U.S. Treasury yield curve to steepen, fueled in part by deteriorating deficit dynamics (for more, see our July Economic and Market Commentary, “Developed Market Public Debt: Risks and Realities”). That implies a relative rise in yields for longer-term bonds, which are influenced by the prospects for inflation, economic growth, and government policies – including the potential for increased Treasury issuance to fund deficits. Longer-term bonds typically have a higher duration, or price sensitivity to interest rate changes.
We have been reducing allocations to longer-dated bonds, which we find relatively less attractive. Over time, and at scale, that’s the kind of investor behavior that can fulfill the bond vigilante role of disciplining governments by demanding more compensation. We prefer short and intermediate maturities, where investors can find attractive yields without taking greater interest rate risk.
Although we regularly adjust allocations along the yield curve to express evolving views on duration and relative value, rising sovereign debt has become a greater factor in these decisions.
2. Diversifying globally. We’re lending in global markets to diversify our interest rate exposures. The U.K. and Australia exemplify high quality sovereign issuers with stronger fiscal positions than the U.S. They face greater economic risks as well, which can benefit bond investors. We also like high quality areas of emerging markets that offer yield advantages over developed markets.
Non-U.S. bonds can also help hedge equity exposure in portfolios. If you contrast fiscal policies, we believe it makes sense to be structurally short the U.S. public sector versus the private sector, while the opposite generally holds true in Europe, where growth momentum has stalled and fiscal responses remain constrained.
In essence, the U.S. boasts a stronger income statement while the European Union largely has a stronger balance sheet. It’s a trade-off between growth and durability. The U.S. can grow but is in uncharted deficit territory. The EU is struggling to grow but has been able to navigate turbulence, such as Brexit and the Greek debt crisis, although we remain cautious on select European countries.
The U.S. might ultimately prove resilient, but uncertainty builds as debt keeps rising. The U.S. social contract – large deficit-fueled growth – has spurred a productivity and technology boom to the benefit of U.S. companies and stock investors (see Figure 2). We therefore believe it makes sense to take equity exposure in the U.S. and prefer debt exposure in Europe.
Figure 2: U.S. now constitutes about 75% of the MSCI World Index
3. Targeting higher credit quality. For companies as well as governments, rising debt levels can affect creditworthiness. We favor lending to higher-quality companies in public and private markets alike. Credit spreads are near historic lows in some sectors, with diminished reward for moving down in credit quality to boost yield. In public credit markets, high quality bonds offer attractive yields and appear well positioned across various economic scenarios. In private markets, we favor asset-based finance over lower-rated areas of corporate direct lending.
Vigilance before vigilantism
By some measures, investors have already been demanding higher yields to lend in the bond market. In November, the yield to worst on the benchmark Bloomberg US Aggregate Index climbed above the effective federal funds rate for the first time in more than a year. That also illustrates how bond yields overall have become more attractive than cash rates as the Fed has begun to cut its policy rate.
At the same time, we have become more hesitant to lend longer term given U.S. debt sustainability questions and potential inflation catalysts, such as tariffs and the effects of immigration restrictions on the labor force. The U.S. remains in a unique position because the dollar is the global reserve currency and Treasuries are the global reserve asset. But at some point, if you borrow too much, lenders may question your ability to pay it all back. It doesn’t take a vigilante to point that out.
Disclosures
The "risk-free" rate can be considered the return on an investment that, in theory, carries no risk. Therefore, it is implied that any additional risk should be rewarded with additional return. All investments contain risk and may lose value.
Investing in the bond market is subject to risks, including market, interest rate, issuer, credit, inflation risk, and liquidity risk. The value of most bonds and bond strategies are impacted by changes in interest rates. Bonds and bond strategies with longer durations tend to be more sensitive and volatile than those with shorter durations; bond prices generally fall as interest rates rise, and low interest rate environments increase this risk. Reductions in bond counterparty capacity may contribute to decreased market liquidity and increased price volatility. Bond investments may be worth more or less than the original cost when redeemed. Investing in foreign-denominated and/or -domiciled securities may involve heightened risk due to currency fluctuations, and economic and political risks, which may be enhanced in emerging markets. The credit quality of a particular security or group of securities does not ensure the stability or safety of the overall portfolio. Management risk is the risk that the investment techniques and risk analyses applied by an investment manager will not produce the desired results, and that certain policies or developments may affect the investment techniques available to the manager in connection with managing the strategy. Diversification does not ensure against loss.
Statements concerning financial market trends or portfolio strategies are based on current market conditions, which will fluctuate. There is no guarantee that these investment strategies will work under all market conditions or are appropriate for all investors and each investor should evaluate their ability to invest for the long term, especially during periods of downturn in the market. Investors should consult their investment professional prior to making an investment decision. Outlook and strategies are subject to change without notice.
PIMCO as a general matter provides services to qualified institutions, financial intermediaries and institutional investors. Individual investors should contact their own financial professional to determine the most appropriate investment options for their financial situation. This material contains the opinions of the manager and such opinions are subject to change without notice. This material has been distributed for informational purposes only and should not be considered as investment advice or a recommendation of any particular security, strategy or investment product. Information contained herein has been obtained from sources believed to be reliable, but not guaranteed. No part of this material may be reproduced in any form, or referred to in any other publication, without express written permission. PIMCO is a trademark of Allianz Asset Management of America LLC in the United States and throughout the world.
CMR2024-1122-4051289
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