Inflation heated up for a fourth straight month in January. According to the Bureau of Labor Statistics, the headline figure for the Consumer Price Index rose to 3.0% year-over-year, higher than the expected 2.9% growth. Core CPI also came in higher than expected, rising to 3.3% year-over-year. On a monthly basis, headline CPI increased 0.5% (vs. 0.3% expected), while core prices rose 0.4% (vs. 0.3% expected).
Here is the introduction from the BLS summary, which leads with the seasonally adjusted monthly data:
The Consumer Price Index for All Urban Consumers (CPI-U) increased 0.5 percent on a seasonally adjusted basis in January, after rising 0.4 percent in December, the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics reported today. Over the last 12 months, the all items index increased 3.0 percent before seasonal adjustment.
The index for shelter rose 0.4 percent in January, accounting for nearly 30 percent of the monthly all items increase. The energy index rose 1.1 percent over the month, as the gasoline index increased 1.8 percent. The index for food also increased in January, rising 0.4 percent as the index for food at home rose 0.5 percent and the index for food away from home increased 0.2 percent.
The index for all items less food and energy rose 0.4 percent in January. Indexes that increased over the month include motor vehicle insurance, recreation, used cars and trucks, medical care, communication, and airline fares. The indexes for apparel, personal care, and household furnishings and operations were among the few major indexes that decreased in January.
The all items index rose 3.0 percent for the 12 months ending January, after rising 2.9 percent over the 12 months ending December. The all items less food and energy index rose 3.3 percent over the last 12 months. The energy index increased 1.0 percent for the 12 months ending January. The food index increased 2.5 percent over the last year.
The first chart is an overlay of headline CPI and core CPI (excludes Food and Energy) since the turn of the century. The highlighted two percent level is the Federal Reserve's target inflation rate. In January, headline CPI accelerated for a fourth straight month to 3.00%, its highest level in eight months. Additionally, core CPI accelerated to 3.26%.
The next chart shows both series since 1957, the year the government first began tracking core inflation. In recent years, we have seen some of the highest inflation rates since the second of the two recessions in the early 1980s. However, inflation has slowly made its way back down but has proven sticky. Core CPI is currently sitting at a level last seen in the early 1990s, while headline CPI is near levels seen in the early 2010s.
Consumer Price Index Components
Here is a table showing the annualized change in Headline and Core CPI, not seasonally adjusted, for each of the past six months. Also included are the eight components of Headline CPI and a separate entry for Energy, which is a collection of sub-indexes in Housing and Transportation. We can make some inferences about how inflation is impacting our personal expenses depending on our relative exposure to the individual components. Some of us have higher transportation costs, others medical costs, etc.
A conspicuous feature in the year-over-year table is the volatility in energy, significantly a result of gasoline prices, which is also reflected in Transportation.
Here is the same table as above with month-over-month numbers (not seasonally adjusted).
Note: For additional information on the component composition of the Consumer Price Index, see our Inside the Consumer Price Index.
Inflation: Fed's Target
In the wake of the Great Recession, 2% has been the Fed's target for core inflation. Although, the Fed traditionally uses the Personal Consumption Expenditure (PCE) price index as their preferred inflation gauge. In August 2020, Fed Chairman Jerome Powell introduced a policy that not only allows for a level above 2% but welcomes it.
"In order to anchor longer-term inflation expectations at this level, the Committee seeks to achieve inflation that averages 2 percent over time, and therefore judges that, following periods when inflation has been running persistently below 2 percent, appropriate monetary policy will likely aim to achieve inflation moderately above 2 percent for some time." See Statement on Longer-Run Goals and Monetary Policy Strategy update (revised January 2021).
The COVID-19 pandemic helped launch inflation into its highest levels since the 1980s. As a result, the Fed has been battling high inflation over the past few years with its monetary policy. Inflation has eased off of its 2022 highs, however the back half of 2024 has shown just how sticky it can be.
For a closer look at the two main measures of inflation and how they stack up against each other, check out the video below.
Note: data is through January 2024.
