Beginning in 2010, central banks around the world turned from being net sellers of gold to net buyers of gold. In 2018, official sector activity rose 46 percent to 536 tonnes of purchases – the second highest level of demand this century, according to the GFMS Gold Survey.
The top 10 central banks with the largest gold reserves have remained mostly unchanged for the last few years. The United States holds the number one spot with over 8,000 tonnes of gold in its vaults – nearly as much as the next three countries combined. For seven consecutive years the Russian Central Bank has been the largest purchaser of gold, increasing its holdings by 274 tonnes in 2018. Kazakhstan was the second largest buyer and holds spot number 14 of the world’s largest central bank gold holdings.
Not every central bank is a net buyer. Venezuela has been selling off its gold reserves in order to support its struggling government. However, gross official sector sales declined by 26 percent last year, to the lowest since 2013, indicating that central banks are happy to keep their reserves in gold, historically viewed as a safe-haven asset.
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So far in 2019 demand has remained strong. The January to June period saw the highest levels of central bank purchases since 2010. Poland was the top buyer, with reserves growing 77 percent to 100 tonnes. As global debt continues to skyrocket, central banks and individual investors alike might want to keep gold in their pockets, as it historically has performed well during times of economic downturn and geopolitical uncertainty.
Below are the top 10 countries with the largest gold holdings, beginning with the Netherlands, which was recently overtaken by India. Figures are as of September 2019 and do not include the International Monetary Fund (IMF) as a country, or else it would hold the number three spot.
10. Netherlands
Tonnes: 612.5
Percent of foreign reserves: 67.7 percent
The Dutch Central Bank announced that it will be moving its gold vaults from Amsterdam to Camp New Amsterdam, about an hour outside the city, citing burdensome security measures of its current location. As many others have pointed out, this seems odd, given that the bank fairly recently repatriated a large amount of its gold from the U.S.
9. India
Tonnes: 618.2
Percent of foreign reserves: 6.5 percent
It’s no surprise that the Bank of India has one of the largest stores of gold in the world. The South Asian country, home to 1.25 billion people, is the second largest consumer of the precious metal, and is one of the most reliable drivers of global demand. India’s festival and wedding season, which runs from October to December, has historically been a huge boon to gold’s Love Trade.
8. Japan
Tonnes: 765.2
Percent of foreign reserves: 2.7 percent
Japan, the world’s third largest economy, is also the eighth largest hoarder of the yellow metal. Its central bank has been one of the most aggressive practitioners of quantitative easing—in January 2016, it lowered interest rates below zero—which has helped fuel demand for gold around the world.
7. Switzerland
Tonnes: 1,040.0
Percent of foreign reserves: 5.7 percent
In seventh place is Switzerland, which actually has the world’s largest reserves of gold per capita. During World War II, the neutral country became the center of the gold trade in Europe, making transactions with both the Allies and Axis powers. Today, much of its gold trading is done with Hong Kong and China.
6. China
Tonnes: 1,936.5
Percent of foreign reserves: 2.8 percent
In the summer of 2015, the People’s Bank of China began sharing its gold purchasing activity on a monthly basis for the first time since 2009. Although China comes in sixth for most gold held, the yellow metal accounts for only a small percentage of its overall reserves – a mere 2.8 percent – the lowest of the top 10 central banks with the most gold. China has actually been on a gold buying spree since December 2018 – buying almost 100 tonnes from then through August.
5. Russia
Tonnes: 2,219.2
Percent of foreign reserves: 19.6 percent
The Russian Central Bank has been the largest buyer of gold for the past seven years and overtook China in 2018 to have the fifth largest reserves. In 2017 Russia bought 224 tonnes of bullion in an effort to diversify away from the U.S. dollar, as its relationship with the West has grown chilly since the annexation of the Crimean Peninsula in mid-2014. To raise the cash for these purchases, Russia sold a huge percentage of its U.S. Treasuries.
4. France
Tonnes: 2,436.1
Percent of foreign reserves: 60.8 percent
France’s central bank has sold little of its gold over the past several years, and there are calls to halt it altogether. Marine Le Pen, president of the country’s far-right National Front party, has led the charge not only to put a freeze on selling the nation’s gold but also to repatriate the entire amount from foreign vaults.
3. Italy
Tonnes: 2,451.8
Percent of foreign reserves: 67.4 percent
Italy has likewise maintained the size of its reserves over the years, and it has support from European Central Bank (ECB) President Mario Draghi. The former Bank of Italy governor, when asked by a reporter in 2013 what role gold plays in a central bank’s portfolio, answered that the metal was “a reserve of safety,” adding, “it gives you a fairly good protection against fluctuations against the dollar.”
2. Germany
Tonnes: 3,366.8
Percent of foreign reserves: 71.9 percent
In 2017 Germany completed a four-year repatriation operation to move a total of 674 tonnes of gold from the Banque de France and the Federal Reserve Bank of New York back to its own vaults. First announced in 2013, the move was expected to take until 2020 to complete. Although gold demand fell in 2017 after hitting an all-time high in 2016, this European country has seen gold investing steadily rise since the global financial crisis.
1. United States
Tonnes: 8,133.5
Percent of foreign reserves: 76.0 percent
With the largest official holdings in the world, the U.S. lays claim to nearly as much gold as the next three countries combined. It also has the highest gold allocation as a percentage of its foreign reserves at 76 percent. From what we know, the majority of U.S. gold is held at Fort Knox in Kentucky, with the remainder held at the Philadelphia Mint, Denver Mint, San Francisco Assay Office and West Point Bullion Depository. Which state loves gold the most? Well, the state of Texas went so far as to create its very own Texas Bullion Depository to safeguard investors’ gold.
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