Economic Anomalies

His task force on productivity and jobs? Marc Andreessen (Andreessen Horowitz) and Asha Sharma, executive vice president and XBOX CEO, Microsoft Corp. The one academic, Charles I. Jones, professor of economics, Stanford University, is currently on leave at Anthropic. Three very serious thinkers to understand the impact of AI on jobs and productivity as well as normal business practice. All-Star team.

I do not want to go into the weeds on each task force, but they are all of the same cloth. People with deep understanding of their topics and aware of the need for dramatic change in directions. Clearly Warsh has been planning this for a very long time.

Warsh in his speeches and publications has been very clear that he expects things to change at the Federal Reserve. The people he has appointed to these task forces simply double down on that expectation.

This is a potential major sea change in central bank policy. It is coming at us at the same time as the Japanese central bank is also making changes. The yen is continuing to weaken (finally). The Japanese central bank could raise rates more, which would give strength to the yen but that also has consequences. If the BOJ buys bonds, that will be seen by the market as quantitative easing and inflationary.

What they have elected to do this week is to “encourage” Japanese pension funds to sell foreign government bonds (read US) and buy Japanese bonds. That would both support their bond market, increase the value of the yen and not be a shock to their stock market. Just one fund alone has almost $2 trillion in assets. It is conveniently controlled by the Bank of Japan. What do you do when the boss encourages you to do something? And if you’re an independent Japanese pension fund, when your central bank comes to you making suggestions, what do you do?

This will complicate Chairman Warsh’s life as he needs more buying of US treasuries, not less. This will not happen overnight, but it will be a direction that will work its way through US yields, even if on the margin.

People are policy and the people that Kevin Warsh has put on the committees should send a big signal to the markets. It should also send the same signal to Congress, but they will ignore it until there is a fiscal crisis. Hopefully by the time we have a crisis, Warsh has his team and policies in place to be able to force Congress to deal with their own fiscal dysfunction. It will take a great deal of fortitude and courage, but I believe he is the man for the job.

Market Response to the Oil Shock

As you might imagine, I get a wide variety of publications sent to me. I recently ran across an article from Scott Lincicome of The Dispatch. I found myself nodding along, as he described the same internal reflection that I have had recently. I found myself being very pessimistic about the Strait of Hormuz being closed. I am on record in numerous places of being long-term bullish on the price of oil and especially gas. Part of that was the simple fact that the consumption of energy (coal at first) and then oil has gone from the lower left to the upper right on the graphs for over 200 years. With the exceptions of recessions, the demand for oil and gas has been steadily increasing year-over-year. While developed nations are becoming more efficient, developing nations aspire to the same energy usage that we in the West have, and thus demand more oil and gas.

And that logic held up until recently. I really thought by this time (assuming Iran had not capitulated, which they obviously didn’t) the price of oil would be far higher and the shocks would be throughout the economy.

So what happened? Yes, the price of oil and gas has risen, but not as much as I thought it would. It seems that free markets respond the way they’re supposed to. I have used the line many times: the cure for high prices is high prices. High prices will reduce demand and increase production of whatever commodity or service we are talking about. It’s not instantaneous, but it happens over time.

I was skeptical that production could increase and wondered where it would finally come from. Clearly something is happening.

The International Energy Agency just released a report that gives us insight into what really happened.

Oil consumption in the world was a little over 104 million barrels per day in the fourth quarter 2025. (IEA) The closing of the Strait of Hormuz cut out 10 million barrels per day or 10% of world production. Yes, we had reserves and so forth but the math was fairly straightforward: when the world ran through reserves, unless the Strait was open, the price will go through the roof. The roof being $140 or more.

But then a strange thing happened on the way to the forum. The markets actually worked. The IEA report identifies three major reasons why we didn’t see oil prices in the stratosphere.

1. There were large releases from private storage. Governments opened their emergency stockpiles. That added 3.8 million barrels a day to the global supply so far.

2. Second, oil producers responded to the shock with crude output and sales that avoided the conflict zone. Saudi Arabia and the United Arab Emirates, for example, utilized alternative transportation routes—like the Saudis’ East-West pipeline—to bypass the strait and boost non-Hormuz oil exports by several million barrels per day.

Refiners in the U.S. and Africa also boosted output and exports, especially for jet fuel to Europe—avoiding the dire consequences that many airline analysts predicted.

3. Simple demand destruction. The IEA estimates that demand will be 5 million barrels per day lower than was predicted in January. China is a big part of that, with their demand dropping by 4 million barrels per day.

As Scott noted, there were other smaller contributors. There was a lot of oil smuggling from Iran and Russia. Both nations had “shadow fleets” already in place smuggling large amounts of oil against sanctions. Clearly that has to stop.

“Most notably, the Trump administration waived the Jones Act for an unprecedented 150 days, thus boosting U.S. energy supplies (and security) by allowing foreign-flagged vessels to move American-made crude, refined products, and fertilizer between U.S. ports. So far, the waiver has allowed tens of millions of barrels and dozens of voyages that would’ve been banned by law in nonwaiver times.”

“Few, if any, of these adjustments were costless—trade-offs always exist—and the market remains fragile. But even with the conflict still percolating, the doomsday scenario that many smart, nonpartisan eggheads predicted simply never materialized.

“And the reason is textbook stuff: A massive supply shock triggered a dramatic increase in prices that was based on the expectation of reduced future supplies. Those high prices signaled to the rest of the world to supply more—by pump, export, or stockpile—and/or consume less. And, because crude oil is an easily transportable commodity traded on a global market that’s relatively transparent and free (and, thanks to liberalizing moves like Trump’s Jones Act waiver, made even freer after the shock hit), prices remained well below what most experts predicted based on an educated—but static—view of existing supply and demand patterns.”

Source: Cato Institute

The same thing is happening in other scarce commodities such as fertilizers, helium and sulfur. Markets adapted. It wasn’t plain or pretty, but the world is not ending. It is against the instinct of most politicians to trust the markets; this episode should at least give policymakers pause before they enact price controls or try to manipulate the market.

By the way, the president has the ability to waive the Jones Act for a period of time. The Jones Act might’ve been useful in 1920, but it is a drag on the national economy today. I can tell you that in Puerto Rico it contributes to higher costs. Clearly, the market responded by producing more oil because of the removal of the constraints of the Jones Act. Maybe Congress should just consider at least scrapping it for energy markets, if not for everything?

Core Inflation Expectations Are Not Well Anchored

In the past, the Fed preferred to look at inflation as measured by PCE. “Core” PCE was the Fed’s benchmark. And core PCE has been rising since the middle of 2025. Recently, part of that has been energy prices but not as much as you might think, as it is still working its way through the system. But recent core PCE was 3.47% and the Fed projects 3.3% for June. Well above the 2% target. The six-month core PCE is at 4.1%, which more accurately reflects the recent energy price increases and is the worst in three years.

Consumer expectations have been rising as well. Wolf Richter at Wolf Street offers this chart:

“Consumers’ median inflation expectations for one year from now rose to 3.67%, the highest since September 2023, when they were on the way down (green double line).

“Inflation expectations for three years from now rose to 3.34%, the highest since Jun 2022 (red line). These “medium-term inflation expectations,” as they’re called in the Fed’s communications, had been “well anchored in all of 2025, but at 3.0%, which is not near the Fed’s inflation target of 2.0%. And this year they became unanchored off this 3.0% line and in June rose to 3.34%, the highest in four years.”

The Fed wants to keep inflation expectations “anchored.” This makes sense as high inflation expectations means that consumers will adjust their spending as well as ask for higher wages, and businesses will start increasing prices in anticipation of higher inflation.

Obviously, the Fed wants to anchor inflation at their 2% target. The previous three Federal Reserve chairs were all focused on consumer expectations. It remains to be seen what this chairman will do. I think that if he continues to focus on bringing inflation down that he believes expectations will follow.

Kevin Warsh, borrowing a phrase from The Blues Brothers, believes he is on a mission from God to bring inflation below 2%. It will not happen this year but over time? Absolutely.

Summer and Writing Schedules

At the beginning of the letter, I mentioned writing schedules. I started writing this version of my letter in August of 2000. It was just me and the limited amount of source material that I could find and a blank screen. I typically spent all Friday writing, and the letter would go out Friday night.

By 2008-9, I had been single for some time and so my schedule adapted. I would often not start writing until Friday afternoon or later, finishing Friday night. I would typically try to finish by at least one or two in the morning, but there were times when the sun was already up when I hit the send button. At the time, I was living in a rental home in Highland Park. I would get writer’s block sometimes at one or two o’clock in the morning, and then to clear my mind I would just go outside and walk the streets of Highland Park. More than a few times the police would stop and ask if I was okay and what was I doing? I would tell them that I’m thinking about the impact of Federal Reserve policy on international economics for a letter I am writing (or whatever) and you could see their eyes glaze over. Eventually, they would decide that I was not a danger to the community and let me go. After a few years, they would just drive by and let the crazy man wander the streets.

Then in 2013, I met Shane. She likes to go to bed early and so my schedule shifted. No more all-night writing sessions or walking through the neighborhood at 2 AM. That’s just one of the improvements she has made in my life.

A few weeks ago, I mentioned that four people have been cured of Parkinson’s disease. I had a lot of response, mostly looking for help for themselves or family. I asked Mike Roizen to give me some details. The problem is there are not many. It is a current phase 1 trial study at the famous and renowned Gladstone Institute in San Francisco which is still in process. There will eventually be 12 people in the trial. It is most encouraging but as with many medical advances will take time.

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The reason for the interest? More and more, longevity experts are telling their clients the first part of their journey should begin with Therapeutic Plasma Exchange.

My partner in this endeavor is Dr. Mike Roizen, one of the truly leading longevity experts in the world. You can learn more at Lifespan-Edge.com. If you haven't, you really need to read our main research report. The research and other information (plus our fabulous documentary on the website) can make a real difference in your life. You can set up a discovery call to talk with our doctors about the procedure, as well as look at a lot more research.

And with that, I will hit the send button. The editing team will do their job, I get about 15 to 20 minutes to review the edits and then it is into the system. In the beginning, the system was me. Now there is a whole team. I can’t even imagine doing it without them. You have a great week!

Your never wanting to write all night analyst,

John Mauldin

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